In Vivo 活体内

Mutants 突变体

Carcinogenesis 致癌作用

The Ames Test 埃姆斯试验

Genotype 基因型

Phenotype 表现型

lowercase letters 小写字母

uppercase letters 大写字母

italics 斜体字

superscript 上标

progeny 后代

Screening 筛选

Selection 挑选

Penicillin 青霉素

Lysozyme 水解酶

Spheroplast 原生质球

Nutritional Mutants 营养突变体

Imprint 印迹

Prototroph 原养型

Auxotroph 营养缺陷型

histidine auxotrophs 组氨酸营养缺陷型微生物

Spontaneous 自发的

Induced 诱发的

Point mutations 点突变

Base-Pair Substitutions 碱基置换

Silent mutation 沉默突变

Missense mutation 错义突变

Triplet 三联体

Temperature-sensitive mutants聽 温度敏感突变体

conditionally lethal mutants 条件致死突变体

Nonsense mutation聽 无义突变

Back Mutations or Reversions 回复突变

Compensate聽 补偿

Transposition 转位，转座

proof-reading 校对

epidemic聽流行病聽
Mutagens聽诱变剂聽
Base聽analogs聽碱基类似物聽
Radiation聽聽辐射聽
Transposon聽转位子，转座子聽
Site-Directed聽Mutagenesis聽定点突变聽
Mutagenicity聽致突变性聽
Protocol聽聽方案聽
salmonella聽enterica聽沙门氏肠菌聽
Trp-聽auxotroph聽色氨酸营养缺陷型聽
Errorprone聽错误倾向聽
Plasmids聽质粒聽
Homologous聽聽同源的聽
redundant聽pathways聽冗余的途径聽
Homologous聽Recombination聽同源重组聽
SSB聽protein聽单链结合蛋白聽
RecA聽protein聽聽聽聽RecA聽蛋白聽
Nick聽formation聽缺口形成聽
Strand聽invasion聽链侵入聽
Heteroduplex聽formation聽聽杂合双链形成聽
Transformation聽转化聽
Transduction聽转导聽
Conjugation聽接合聽
Transfection聽聽转染聽
Artificially聽Induced聽Competence聽人工诱导感受态聽
Acinetobacter聽不动杆菌属聽
Azotobacter聽固氮菌属聽
Bacillus聽杆菌属聽
Streptococcus聽链球菌属聽
Haemophilus聽嗜血菌属聽
Neisseria聽奈瑟球菌属聽
Thermus聽栖热菌属聽
Electroporation聽电穿孔聽
Generalized聽transduction聽普遍性转导聽
Specialized聽transduction聽特异性（局限性）转导聽
Recipient聽受体聽
temperate聽or聽virulent聽温和的或者裂性的聽
lysogenization聽溶源化作用聽
randomly聽incorporate聽随机整合聽
Phage聽Conversion聽溶源转变，噬菌体转变聽
Prophage聽前噬菌体聽
Polysaccharide聽多糖聽
Nontoxin聽非毒素聽
Corynebacterium聽diphtheriae聽聽白喉杆菌聽
toxin聽聽毒素聽
Supercoiled聽configuration聽超螺旋构型聽
Incompatibility聽聽不相容性，不亲和性聽
Episomes聽游离体，附加体聽
Curing（噬菌体）治愈聽
Conjugative聽可接合的聽
Hfr聽(high聽frequency聽of聽recombination)高频重组聽
Rhizobium聽聽根瘤菌属聽
Pseudomonas聽of聽octane聽辛烷假单胞菌聽
camphor聽and聽naphthalene聽樟脑和卫生球聽
Bacteriocins聽细菌素聽
Resistance聽Plasmids-聽R聽Plasmids聽抗性质粒聽
Sulfonamides聽磺胺药物聽
Streptomycin聽链霉素聽
Spectinomycin聽壮观霉素聽
fusidic聽acid聽梭链孢酸聽
chloramphenicol聽聽氯霉素聽
tetracycline聽四环素聽
mercury聽汞聽
Therapies聽治疗物聽
Diarrhea聽痢疾聽
CFA-colonization聽factor聽antigen聽聽入侵因子抗原聽
hemolysin聽and聽enterotoxin聽溶血素和肠毒素聽
a聽wider聽spectrum聽of聽activity聽广谱活性聽
colicins聽大肠肝菌素聽
subtilisin聽枯草杆菌蛋白酶聽
NisinA聽乳酸菌肽聽A聽
rolling聽cycle聽replication聽滚环复制聽
pilus聽菌毛聽
IS(insertion聽sequences)插入序列聽
Interrupted聽Mating聽中断杂交聽
Agitation聽搅拌聽
transposable聽elements聽转座因子聽
transposase聽转位酶聽
inverted聽terminal聽repeats聽末端反向重复序列聽
Conservation聽保存，保守聽
Replicative聽重复的聽
Bacteriophages聽噬菌体聽
Cointegrate聽共合体聽
cointegrate聽structure聽共合体结构聽
Mutagenesis聽with聽Transponsable聽Elements聽用转座子诱变聽
insertional聽inactivation聽插入失活聽
neomycin聽and聽kanamycin聽resistance聽新霉素和卡那霉素抗性聽
tetracycline聽聽四环素聽
biological聽mutagen聽生物诱变剂聽
vector聽载体聽
Integrons聽整合子聽
Integrase聽整合酶聽
Genetic聽Map聽基因图谱聽
Operon聽操纵子

Polycistronic聽mRNA聽 多顺反子聽mRNA聽
Bidirection聽双向聽聽

Highly聽expressed聽genes聽高度表达基因聽
Horizontal聽gene聽transfer聽水平基因转移聽
Haemophilus聽influenzae聽流感嗜血杆菌聽
Hyperthermophiles聽极端嗜热微生物聽
Mycoplasma聽genitalium聽生殖道支原体聽
Chlorella聽聽绿藻的一种聽
Methanococcus聽jannaschii聽詹氏甲烷球菌聽
Pseudomonas聽aeruginosa聽铜绿假单胞菌聽
Saccharomyces聽cerevisiae聽聽啤酒酵母聽
Streptomyces聽coelicolor聽天蓝色链霉菌聽
Treponema聽pallidum聽苍白密螺旋体（梅毒密螺旋体）聽
Thermotoga聽maritima聽海栖热孢菌聽
Unidentified聽reading聽frame-URF聽未经确认的阅读框架聽
Genomic聽mining聽基因组挖掘聽
Paralogs聽侧向同源聽
Orthologs聽直向同源聽
obligate聽parasitic聽bacterium聽严格寄生菌聽
Helicobacter聽pylori聽螺旋幽门菌聽
cyanobacterium聽Synechocytis聽聽蓝细菌聽
introns聽内含子聽
Plasmodium聽falciparum聽疟原虫聽
Malaria聽疟疾聽
Encephalitozoon聽cuniculi聽聽聽聽聽聽家兔脑内原虫病聽
Ustilago聽maydis聽玉米黑粉病聽
Phytopathogenic聽fungus聽植物病原真菌聽
smut聽disease聽聽黑穗病聽聽

聽